Chapter 4 of Class 10 History in the CBSE curriculum is titled "The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947." Here are some important notes aney points from this chapter:
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### 1. **Background of Nationalism:**
- **Early Nationalist Movement:** In the late 19th century, early Indian nationalists like Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale worked for moderate political reforms through petitions and discussions with the British government.
- **Economic Critique:** Dadabhai Naoroji highlighted the economic exploitation of India by the British in his book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India."
### 2. **Formation of Indian National Congress (INC):**
- **Foundihe Ing:** Tndian National Congress was founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume and other prominent figures. It initially aimed at promoting moderate reforms.
- **Early Leadership:** Key early leaders included Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee and A.O. Hume, who were instrumental in shaping the Congress’s early policies.
### 3. **Rise of Extremist Leaders:**
- **Moderates vs. Extremists:** The early phase of Congress was dominated by moderates who sought reforms within the British framework. Over time, a more radical faction emerged, led by extremists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai.
- **Tilak’s Influence:** Tilak advocated for more direct action and popular mobilization. His slogan "Swaraj is my birthright" became a rallying cry for Indian independence.
### 4. **Partition of Bengal (1905):**
- **Reason and Impact:** The British government partitioned Bengal to weaken the growing nationalist movement. The partition was seen as an attempt to divide and rule by creating religious divisions between Hindus and Muslims.
- **Swadeshi Movement:** In response, the Swadeshi Movement was launched, promoting the use of Indian-made goods and boycotting British products.
### 5. **Gandhi’s Role:**
- **Arrival in India (1915):** Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and soon became a leading figure in the struggle for independence.
- **Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22):** Gandhi launched this movement urging Indians to withdraw support from British institutions and participate in non-violent protests.
- **Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34):** Gandhi’s campaign against British laws included the famous Salt March, where he and his followers marched to the sea to produce salt in defiance of British regulations.
### 6. **Freedom Struggle and Major Events:**
- **Simon Commission (1927):** The commission was set up by the British government without any Indian representation, leading to widespread protests and the slogan "Simon Go Back."
- **Round Table Conferences (1930–32):** These were held to discuss constitutional reforms. Gandhi represented the Congress, while other political groups also participated.
- **Government of India Act (1935):** This act provided for greater self-government but did not grant full independence.
### 7. **Role of Other Leaders:**
- **Subhas Chandra Bose:** Advocated for complete independence and formed the Indian National Army (INA) to fight against British rule.
- **Jawaharlal Nehru:** Played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement and later became the first Prime Minister of India.
### 8. **Independence and Partition (1947):**
- **Mountbatten Plan:** The plan led to the partition of India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, on August 15, 1947.
- **Impact:** The partition led to widespread communal riots and massive displacement of people.
### **Key Terms and Concepts:**
- **Swaraj:** Self-rule or independence.
- **Boycott:** Refusal to buy goods or participate in activities as a form of protest.
- **Non-Cooperation:** A strategy of not cooperating with British authorities as a means of protest.
These points cover the main aspects of Chapter 4. Let me know if you need more details on any specific topic!
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